Normally, the brain works by a constant exchange of electric signals between its different components - an ongoing ‘chatter’ between the millions of neurons or brain cells. This ‘chatter’ is in the form of neurotransmitters, chemicals which send or stop messages. The right balance between different types of neurotransmitters is normally what keeps the whole ‘conversation’ going. But, sometimes, the balance is disrupted by a sudden abnormal electrical discharge or ’storm’ from a group of cells, and the result is a seizure. Depending on which part of the brain is affected, and how, the person may experience changes in bodily function and consciousness, sometimes severe, sometimes more mild.

About the brain There are three parts of the brain - the cerebrum, the cerebellum and the brainstem, with the cerebrum being more likely to be affected by seizure activity.

The cerebrum is the main mass of the brain and so is the major part governing how we behave and think. It contains the two hemispheres, joined together at the base by the thick, multi-fibred corpus callosum. Each hemisphere is divided into four lobes which govern particular functions. The frontal lobes control voluntary movements, and some aspects of personality and emotions. The parietal lobes are involved in body sensations such as feeling and touch as well as in fine manual skills such as writing. The temporal lobes have to do with memory, understanding, speech, emotions, sexual feelings, taste and smell. The occipital lobes are responsible for sight - both what is seen, and how sights are interpreted. Some forms of epilepsy, where partial seizures are involved, may start from any one of these lobes, so bringing about disturbances in sensation.

The cerebellum, just beneath the two hemispheres, has to do with the control of movements. Its main function is to co-ordinate the many muscular actions needed to make any movement from lifting a fork to doing the high jump. It is also concerned with balance. The cerebellum operates at an unconscious level and processes a great deal of information from several different sources, such as the eyes, the ears, all the muscles, and different parts of the cerebrum. Disturbance of the cerebellum causes ataxia, or a loss of coordination which can involve clumsiness, staggering or severe tremor.

The brainstem is the oldest part of the brain and connects the cerebrum and cerebellum with the spinal cord. It controls basic functions such as breathing and heartbeat and also co-ordinates other activities such as eye and tongue movements. Damage to this part of the brain is always serious.

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